3) that operates at 2 GHz (see Figure 3. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. But here is the funny part. The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 0x5. Question: A lossless microstrip line uses a 1. Units do not matter; use same units for (w) and (h), waveport size will be in the same units as (w) and (h). Wu Odd and Even mode fields in microstrip have different percentages of total field fringing through air which changes effective Er Leads to velocity variations between even and odd +1 +1 +1 . . 8e9,Z0=75); figure; show (mline); Plot the S-parameters of this line. 27 mm, and is assigned a perfect conductor material. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo). The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. An imaging system based on THz spectrum incorporating nanomaterial-based microstrip antenna provides better resolution at lower cost. These radio frequency calculators help with unit conversion, attenuator design, antenna design, radars, and various other basic calculators. Increasing the width of the patch reduces the radiation resistance and increases the bandwidth. In the work of Ab Wahab et al. Enter the desired resonant frequency (fr)to determine the physical length (L) and width (W) of the microstrip line. I would expect the physical aperture to be the area taken up by the antenna - so it includes not only the patch, but any strips of bare substrate and ground around the edge. 1–1 THz operating band. 0x5. 1. If the feed is located closer to the edge of the patch the input impedance will be high, if the feed is located closer to the center of the patch the impedance will be low. Following equations or formula are used for this microstrip patch antenna calculator. 1. Two points in space, specified as a 2-by-3 matrix corresponding to two three-element vectors of Cartesian. A single element, 1×2 and 2×2 microstrip rectangular patch antennas were designed and simulated in Computer Simulation Tool (CST) Microwave Studio. In present communication square shape is used to design. Inputs Dielectric Height Operation Frequency Outputs Width (mm). Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width (S):. The dimensions of square patch length L, width W are taken to be equal. emtalk, electromagnetics forum, electromagnetic tutorials, microwave engineering forum, microwave engineering tutorials, microstrip calculator Check Open neighbouring websites listMicrostrip Crosstalk Calculator Stripline Crosstalk Calculator. 65mm. To use the calculator, place values in either the velocity of propagation field or the dielectric constant field. 45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using CST The patch antenna calculator link It’s cable. Circular microstrip antennas are used as low-profile antennas in airborne and spacecraft applications. For suspended plate-type patch, to find exactly where is this point I cut narrow slot in the patch, install connector from the bottom of Ground plane and slide the patch along the connector to find this sweet spot. Press Analyze to see the results. Both can be realized in microstrip, stripline or even coax, but stripline is the go-to technology for coupled-line couplers. 19 mm and a length of 11. 1. Placing an inset for a microstrip feedline into the antenna. Identify best matched Rogers' bonding material by sorting according to design attributes. Reference: R. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. Legal. the calculator for microstrip line in emtalk asks for "elctrical length in degrees" and i am not able to calculate. com Microstrip Patch Antenna HFSSv10 ( download simulation file) The microstrip patch antenna is a popular printed resonant antenna for narrow-band microwave wireless links that require semi-hemispherical coverage. A cross-section of a microstrip transmission line is shown below. The dimensions of the patch is 4. This paper presents a high-band microstrip antenna of dimension (5 × 5 × 1) mm 3 for 5G wireless mobile communications ranging up to 40–45 GHz. 33 hz and the VSWR value is 0. The measured result of resonant frequency is very close to the simulated result. Popular answers (1) Dear Medkour, The minimum size of the PCB is calculated with the following rule of thumb. You are now ready to draw the microstrip line trace. 2. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily. 5 GHz and calculate its resonant frequency. A simple tool to calculate parameters for an edge fed/inset fed/probe fed patch antenna or microstrip antenna. The input impedance at the radiation edge is also. 1b shows the coupling scheme of the proposed diplexer. Calculates dimensions of circular microstrip patch antenna, provided frequency, relative permittivity and height of substrate. files/HFSS/MPA. This technique is commonly employed with patch antennas. Millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless technology has become a part of human life for high-speed and secure data transmission. In this paper, a review of the existing theory of chara. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. This research proposes the design of dual-frequency microstrip antenna using the Y slot method. Pa/Pb(dB) Divider Type. A 50 Ohm microstrip transmission line is matched to a patch antenna (impedance typically 200 Ohms or more) via a quarter-wavelength microstrip transmission line with the characteristic impedance chosen to match the load. A circular shape partial ground plane is used with an elliptical notch just below the feed line. 2 Length of the patch, in µm. 0 of permitivity) at. 45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using ADS. The antenna is designed withISSN: 1109-2742 63 Issue 1, Volume 9, January 2010 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMMUNICATIONS M. 46 GHz rectangular patch antennas printed on low-cost fiberglass substrates (FR-4), mounted on a ground plane and fed by a microstrip line. This study strives to contribute in wireless communication and networking systems. The reduction of mutual coupling between antenna elements has been a research hotspot in the design of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed antenna is designed using the artificial neural networks (ANN) method based on the multilayer perceptron structure; it is composed of a coplanar. In addition, if GAMMA, VSWR, or dB is known, the calculator can convert between the three. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. The number of stages can range from 2 to 30 stages. 137 µm After determining the dimensions of the microstrip antenna. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width: mm. 2 and a height of 1. Synthesize Enter values for Zo and Electrical Length to determine the physical width and length of the microstrip line. TheThe geometry of the designed microstripline feed microstrip patch antenna is as shown in fig. 27 mm 3 and the substrate material is Rogers RT/duroid 6010/6010LM. Spread the loveMicrostrip capacitance, denoted as C, is calculated using the formula C = (εr * A) / d. The results should only be used as an estimate for the waveport size. The printed dipole antenna is often used in planar microwave radiative applications that require an omni-directional pattern. The above equations are also in Transmission Line Design Handbook by Brian C. Abstract. In this model, the interior region of the patch antenna is modeled as a section of transmission line. 1. This will also provide the time delay the cable provides for a signal and also the capacitance and inductance per. The passive antenna is a critical part of any wireless communications link, for both transmit and. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. In addition, if GAMMA, VSWR, or dB is known, the calculator can convert between the three. The re-wired 1-port is a pure series element, with no shunt path, so it provides an open circuit (red circle) when connected this way. 8 GHz. This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5. Figure 2. This link is listed in our web site directory since Saturday Jul 11 2015, and till today "Patch Antenna Calculator" has been followed for a total of 1156 times. In this paper, a high gain novel microstrip patch antenna array design is proposed based on the photonic crystal in terahertz (THz), which can be employed for the next generation wireless communication technology and other interesting applications. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Microstrip impedance calculator. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. There are two types of cross talk forward and backward crosstalk. 2 permittivity substrate is studied. 85 THz. A microstrip is a type of transmission line in which a strip of a conducting material like copper is mounted on a dielectric material and routed to a ground plane. Crosstalk is unwanted coupled energy between traces. Tanδ: Loss tangent of the. However, in this paper, hexagonal microstrip patch antennas are designed and simulated for wireless backhaul at 3. 1 GHz is selected and 401The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. I am working on patch antennas. A miniaturized antenna with low power levels of 3. The spectral behaviour of 1D PCs exhibits the PCs’ potential characteristics and. band which is used by all wireless networks and is freely accessible. 035 mm) h is the Thickness of dielectric. Microstrip Line. 27 mm at 5. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo). The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. This tool calculates backward crosstalk which is usually the dominant crosstalk component. In the present work an attempt has been made to design and simulation of rectangular microstrip double patch antenna for X band using microstrip feed line techniques. 0 GHz. Legal Statement : em: talk 2006-2011. The relation between the R, Zo, and amount of power division is given by the following formula. 3. em: talk - Legal Statement; em: talk - Tutorials. 8 GHz, which makes the design challenging. Disadvantages include: Limited bandwidth (usually 1 to 5%, but much more is possible with increased complexity. Access technical papers, white papers, calculators, tools and more for circuit laminates, prepreg and bonding materials. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. Example, If Z 0 = 55 Ω, d = 6 mils and h = 4. Pasternack's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. Placing an inset for a microstrip feedline into the antenna. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. i need help in calculating the dimensions of patch antenna. The patchMicrostrip object is a microstrip patch antenna. em: talk - Legal Statement; em: talk - Tutorials. 76SR composite as a substrate. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. A Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator The calculator tool shown below will provide input impedance and the dimensions of a microstrip patch antenna given a desired operating frequency,. Most claim to use some or all of these formulas these formulas, but I have discovered ones, for instance, that appear to mistakenly substitute 0. The dimensions of square patch length L, width W are taken to be equal. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. Overview. e. When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . Where, P A = Power output of Port 2. Calculation assumes that you are using a 50 Ohm microstrip transmission line. INPUT DATA. Analyze. i need help in calculating the dimensions of patch antenna. Since 1986, FCC rules have provided for unlicensed spread-spectrum operation in the 915 MHz (902928 MHz), 2. The microstrip antenna is a convenient, planar, easy-to-fabricate antenna with some attractive attributes and features, as well as some distinct limitations. 3), 0. A multiband rectangular microstrip patch antenna integrated with angled split- ring artificial magnetic conducting (AMC) structure is proposed. ZOA. I measured patch dimensions of two X-band microstrip sensor antennas on 1. 254) mm is. This calculator will help you calculate the guided wavelength, provided the dimensions of the microstrip are given as well as the velocity of propagation, the microstrip material's dielectric constant, and the input frequency. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. Noise figure is noise factor expressed in decibels (dB). B. Access Rogers' calculators, literature, technical papers and request samples on your smart phone or tablet through the ROG mobile app. 4 GHz. Its key features include a limited bandwidth, low cost, and ease of manufacture. Each Port is matched to the characteristic impedance Z 0 of the single, isolated microstrip transmission line. 2—4. py. Pasternack's Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. A microstrip patch antenna is one of the most popular microwave antennas. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Using the tool Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator on emtalk. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. A microstrip patch antenna using air substrate operated at 28 GHz resonance was designed, simulated, optimized, and analyzed. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator This tool calculates the dimensions of the microstrip patch antenna given the desired operating frequency. The standard rectangular microstrip patch antenna has a narrow impedance bandwidth typically less than 5%. 8 W/Kg has been demonstrated that outperforms than the exiting imaging methods [ 10 ]. Abstract and Figures. Compared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. Second possibility: Search „microstrip patch antenna calculator“ with Google and you get this link to an online calculator, which isMicrostrip Impedance Calculator. The 1-port EM data provides just an effective impedance between the (+) and (-) pins, and that is floating on one side. em: talk - HFSS Tutorial 1: Microstrip Patch Antenna A patch antenna is a miniature, surface-mountable antenna. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. Hi, I try to simulate a patch antenna as defined in emtalk, based on altering the example Simple_patch_antenna. 0 GHz; the width of the microstrip is designed for 50 Ω and the length for a 180 degree phase delay. 12 mm, a height of 1. Patch Antenna Calculator. Use the frequency and layer thickness/Dk value to determine the antenna size. The amplitude increases as the coupling length increases up to a point. I could not able to upload hfss file, it says not allowed. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. com in 2 categories. 254) mm is. 4. Adopted from A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIn HFSS you can do this by de-embedding (there is a tutorial on emtalk. In a 4 × 4 array of microstrip patches operating at 28 GHz is presented, composed of four-element patch series-fed arrays which have an approximate bandwidth of 1. Introduction. 2 mm. 2 thickness = 0. It is intended only as a very crude estimate, as I. The microstrip. Introduction In recent years, the microstrip patch antenna has widely been used for various specific applications in satellite communications, aerospace, radars, biomedical applications, mobile communication for GSM, and remote sensing applications [1] because of its special features like ease of analysis and fabrication, low cost, light. First the model of the microstrip patch antenna has to be drawn in HFSS. 29 db, return loss at 13. Press Analyze to see the results. The default patch is centered at the origin. 4 for 0. This is a tool I developed to assist us at the Cambridge University Spaceflight Club to design a patch antenna for telemetry. Hi, i'm designing some microstrip antennas and i have some questions. Figure 1. 25 GHz dielectic const = 2. com i found that for the 100ohm line the width calculated is so low, 0. 8 GHz. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. This microstrip patch antenna has two U-shaped slots to achieve the dual wideband operation required to meet these specifications. The main category is Antenna design calculators that is about Antenna design calculators. Low power handling. . Patch antennas usually have narrow bandwidths and the 5-GHz WLAN band extends from 5. Connecting a coaxial probe into the antenna on the back side of the antenna. 2 permittivity and 1. I would like to design microstrip patch antenna. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. 1: Geometry of inset-fed microstrip patch antenna Table 1: Physical dimensions of inset-fed microstrip patch antenna Operating frequency, in GHz 10 Dielectric constant, ε 2. Efficient. 62mm. 711. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. Used for various applications, "patch" is a planar rectangular, circular, triangular, or any other geometrical shape metal sheet mounted. 45GHz. Printed antennae. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. 1 Ohm (by calculator on EMtalk and not very correct patch autognd port in sonnet lite). This is a commonly used transmission line, as it can be cheaply fabricated using printed circuit board techniques. Press Analyze to see the results. A cross-section of a microstrip transmission line is shown below. 2017. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. First use a online patch antenna calculator, for which there are several, utilizing dielectric constant, dielectric height and center frequency. A new technique is presented for designing microstrip patch antennas with very good input impedance matching. everything RF has created a series of RF calculators to help engineers and students with common calculations that they need to conduct frequently. The. This example shows how to create an AI model based inset-fed microstrip patch antenna at 4. Two points in space, specified as a 2-by-3 matrix corresponding to two three-element vectors of Cartesian. Coplanar Waveguide With Ground Characteristic Impedance Calculator. The model of the printed dipole is shown in Fig. With hundreds of coaxial RF cables in-stock and ready to ship worldwide immediately, our coax capacitance calculator lets you calculate the impedance of a coax by allowing you to enter the outer diameter dielectric width and inner conductor diameter. The microstrip patch antennas as radiating device have advantages like, low profile, conformal and low-cost. This antenna does not take any much extra size and can be etched on the same mobile PCB itself. This tool calculates backward crosstalk which is usually the dominant crosstalk component. 04 in the ε eff. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. 4 GHz which is applicable to. more. Use the EM Talk noise figure calculator to determine the overall noise figure for a cascaded N-stage amplifier/system. Press Analyze to see the results. Matin, A. The patchMicrostrip object is a microstrip patch antenna. A lossless microstrip line uses. 214. everything RF has created a series of RF calculators to help engineers and students with common calculations that they need to conduct frequently. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. 27 mm, and is assigned a perfect conductor material. I was using the following calculator to try and calculate what the thickness needs to be and got a result of approx 3mm, this seems very large! I used the following parameters: Dielectric Constant (εr): 4. Microstrip patch antennas are predominantly in use in mobile communication and healthcare. The antenna is designed using 1. The antenna consists of one H-slot and one inverted T-slot loaded over. where nf N and g N is the linear noise figure and linear gain, respectively of stage N. This tool will also give you the magnitude of the coupled voltage between. A compact and efficient microstrip patch antenna is used in the imaging technique to transmit equivalent signal and receive backscattering signal from the stratified human head model. Press Analyze to see the results. The antenna array with dimensions of (9 × 40 × 0. Its feeding mechanism is accomplished through inclined aperture slots in the ground plane. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure is. There is no such optimal value (Radiation resistance determines the power that is radiated by the antenna,Higher the better) and you can do feed point for the patch using the equation presented in the balanis book or send me over your microstrip patch design,i will do it for you. hfss em: talk - HFSS Tutorial 3:. i am talking about the small gap between the patch and microstrip. 4. 45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using CSTThe patch antenna calculator linkMicrostrip line calculator li. Synthesize Enter values for Zo and Electrical Length to determine the physical width and length of the microstrip line. AddMSLPort (1, patch, start, stop, "x", "y", priority=5, edges2grid='xy') throwing an. This line consists of a metal-backed substrate of relative permittivity (varepsilon_{r}) on top of which is a metal strip. 2 mils then, Z d = 96. These three methods are outlined in the image below. Patch antenna feedline with (left) direct feeding, (center) inset feeding, and (right) coaxial feeding. 04/03/2007: Microstrip Patch Antenna: From Simulation to Realization added in the Tutorials\Tools section. electromagnetic tutorials, microwave engineering forum, microwave engineering tutorials, microstrip calculator. The calculator is set up to handle an asymmetric arrangement, where traces are not centrally located in the PCB layer stack. Recently, with the development of the multilayer printed circuit board (MPCB) technology, the microstrip antennas can be designed and fabricated from one-dimensional (1D) to 2D and even 3D structures. Calculation assumes that you are using a 50 Ohm microstrip transmission line. Because of small size, light weight, less cost and good performance these types of antennas are also used in spacecraft, satellite and missile applications []. Left-handed materials have lead to novel microwave antennas, resonators, waveguides, and lenses. RF calculations and conversions include metric-standard, link. To use this tool, enter the values for. Thickness: Thickness of the microstrip conductor. 65mm. Units do not matter; use same units for (w) and (h), waveport size will be in the same units as (w) and (h). h = Dielectric Thickness. In simple case i thought we have three impedances: patch edge, matching line, 50 ohm line. 45/5-GHz WLAN bands. 5. 78 GHz, 2. The bandwidth is limited by the patches themselves, which. ZO. Three-dimensional far-field radiation pattern of a microstrip patch antenna (2. Microstrip-fed patches have very narrow bandwidths, almost invariably less than 5%. Feeding lines is around 0. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. The proposed antenna has two cuts at two of its edges in order. A cross-section of a microstrip transmission line is shown below. 127mm thickness substrate (3. What is a microstrip patch antenna? It is a kind of internal antenna. RF and Wireless tutorials. We can choose any antenna application depending upon our requirements. 44 GHz, S11 is only around -5 dB and the input impedance is 123 + j57 Ω, which are both too high. com . emtalk, electromagnetics forum, electromagnetic tutorials, microwave engineering forum, microwave engineering tutorials, microstrip calculator Check Open neighbouring websites listThe microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. there is a small gap on both side of the microstrip with patch. The stacked patch configuration is one of the ways of increasing the impedance bandwidth of these antennas to be greater than 25% [1]. In this case, each coordinate in the vector starts at the origin and lies along the specified points on the x-, y-, and z-axes. Design 2. Antenna are designed with a working frequency of 3,5 GHz for 5G and 5 GHz communication systems for. There are different ways of designing stacked patches, primarily differing in the way their feed is. . 1 Trophy points 1,298 Activity points 2,319 Hi all I am not able to understand the meaning of input impedance (edge) in this link em: talk - Microstrip Patch Antenna. Wadell, Artech House 1991, with some differences in calculating ε eff. If the ratio (L/W) is close to unity, the radiation pattern will be symmetric but may not provide a resonable input impedance. They hadlarge in intensity and extravagant because of the province. 15 to 5. The microstrip coupling lines provide the input/output coupling and its strength are determined by the gap width and length (S 2, L 2 and S 3, L 8). The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. 4 and 5 GHz. Before you get started with the "Microstrip Patch Antenna Array" course, watch the recorded video of a live webinar showing from antenna element design to an antenna array design to platform analysis from element to space - all in one workflow. In this measurement, a voltage source is used to excite Port 1 and the received signal at. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAbout Patch Antenna Calculator The resource is currently listed in dxzone. 06/27/2007: EM Talk Blog added. For microstrip patch half wavelength long, the voltage distribution is maximum at the ends, with zero at centre. 27 mm 3 and the substrate material is Rogers RT/duroid 6010/6010LM. em: talk - Electromagnetics and Microwave Engineering. There are two types of cross talk forward and backward crosstalk. Use this tool to determine the the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. 8 W/Kg has been demonstrated that outperforms than the exiting imaging methods [ 10 ]. patch and reduce the length by this amount you will find a final length of 13. Calculation assumes that you are using a 50 Ohm microstrip transmission line. Enter values for L and W for the microstrip patch to determine its fr. The plots show the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. Your results will be the height and width. 6: 38–41. there is a small gap on both side of the microstrip with patch. 1. This example shows how to create an AI model based inset-fed microstrip patch antenna at 4. t is the Thickness of track (1 oz/ft2 = 0. py. after this i optimize Zo at the port to 50 ohm by. This antenna does not take any much extra size and can be etched on the same mobile PCB itself. can anybody help me for the dimensions of rectangular patch antenna at freq = 2. Designedge impedance calculated is 197. The results should only be used as an estimate for the waveport size. The designed antenna has a resonating frequency of 2. A redirection efficiency of 65. 4. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. 8 GHz, which makes the design challenging.